Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the study cohort

Age (years)

51.5 ± 7.8

50.7 ± 7.6

50.6 ± 7.6

0.001

0.001

1.00

Male

823 (56.6)

669 (47.3)

657 (45.4)

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.33

Current smoking

459 (32.1)

331(23.8)

312(21.8)

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.23

Hypertension

128 (8.8)

151 (10.7)

242 (16.7)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Dyslipidaemia

23 (1.6)

25 (1.8)

36 (2.5)

0.18

0.09

0.19

Previous MI

6 (0.4)

14 (1.0)

10 (0.7)

0.18

0.33

0.42

Previous heart failure

3 (0.2)

2 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

0.88

0.99

0.99

Previous CKD

28 (1.9)

39 (2.8)

43 (3.0)

0.17

0.07

0.74

Laboratory variables

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

193 ± 34

196 ± 34

203 ± 36

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

128 ± 84

139 ± 93

168 ± 116

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

52 ± 12

50 ± 12

47 ± 11

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

116 ± 33

118 ± 32

122 ± 34

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.14

HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.3

5.5 ± 0.3

5.6 ± 0.4

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

37 ± 2

37 ± 2

38 ± 2

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

CRP (mg/L)

0.22 ± 0.55

0.23 ± 0.85

0.22 ± 0.26

0.89

1.00

1.00

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

89 ± 7

91 ± 7

94 ± 8

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Fasting insulin (U/mL)

6.2 ± 1.4

7.5 ± 1.5

10.1 ± 3.1

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

HOMA-IR^c

1.02 ± 0.42

1.51 ± 0.45

2.43 ± 1.45

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

HOMA-β-cell

90 ± .32

102 ± 33

122 ± 47

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

QUICKI

0.37 ± 0.01

0.35 ± 0.01

0.34 ± 0.01

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

96 ± 20

95 ± 21

95 ± 21

0.26

0.43

1.00

BMI (kg/m²)

23.2 ± 2.8

24.3 ± 2.8

25.8 ± 2.9

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001