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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to the latent classes of physical activities

From: Patterns of physical activity in sedentary older individuals with type 2 diabetes

Characteristics of participants

(N = 115)

Mean ± SD or total N (%)

Participant Groups by latent classes of physical activitya

P-values

Class 1

N = 68

Class 2

N = 21

Class 3

N = 18

Age, years

70.6 ± 7.1

70.5 ± 7.8

70.1 ± 5.8

71.6 ± 6.7

0.80

Female

66 (60.0%)

50 (73.5%)

10 (47.6%)

5 (27.8%)

< 0.001α

White

84 (77.1%)

50 (62%)

17 (81.0%)

15 (83.3%)

0.68

African-American

25 (22.9%)

18 26.5%)

4 (19.1%)

3 (16.7%)

Some college or more

90 (84.1%)

56 (82.4%)

19 (90%)

15 (83%)

0.74

Married

53 (49.5%)

30 (44.1%)

13 (61.9%)

10 (55.6%)

0.32

BMI (kg/m2)

32.7 ± 5.9

33.2 ± 6.5

30.8 ± 4.0

33.9 ± 6.0

0.20

SF-12: Health faire/poor

13 (12.2%)

8 (11.8%)

2 (9.5%)

3 (16.7%)

0.83

Health good/excellent

94 (87.9%)

60 (88.2%)

19 (90.5%)

15 (83.3%)

Hypertension

94 (83.2%)

58 (85.3%)

15 (71.4%)

16 (88.9%)

0.27

Coronary Artery Disease

14 (12.4%)

7 (10.3%)

3 (14.3%)

3 (16.7%)

0.63

Arthritis

41 (36.3%)

25 (36.8%)

8 (38.1%)

6 (33.3%)

1.00

Lung disease

15 (13.3%)

10 (14.7%)

1 (4.76%)

4 (22.2%)

0.31

Depression (CES-D)

5.84 ± 3.73

5.97 ± 3.72

5.35 ± 3.42

5.89 ± 4.23

0.81

Hemoglobin A1c, %

6.95 ± 1.3

7.03 ± 1.28

6.71 ± 1.08

6.58 ± 0.73

0.28

Using insulin

26 (23.0%)

15 (22.1%)

3 (14.3%)

5 (27.8%)

0.59

Six minute walk (feet)

1313.5 ± 251.9

1311.4 ± 251.8

1345.4 ± 254.5

1334.0 ± 271.1

0.85

Comfortable gait speed (meter/s)

0.95 ± 0.2

0.95 ± 0.2

0.95 ± 0.2

0.95 ± 0.1

0.99

Timed Up and Go test (seconds)

8.70 ± 2.02

9.00 ± 2.11

7.65 ± 1.28

8.74 ± 2.28

0.03β

Peak VO2 (ml/kg/min)

16.72 ± 4.92

16.59 ± 5.00

17.27 ± 4.64

17.53 ± 5.67

0.73

CHAMPSTOTAL

(Kcal/wk)

2482.0 ± 2086.3

1645.1 ± 1505.9

3380.3 ± 1841.7

4363.0 ± 2427.6

<.0001α

Frequency per week in any physical activities, times

4.40 ± 2.43

3.15 ± 1.41

6.29 ± 2.03

6.94 ± 2.60

<.0001α

CHAMPSMOD_EXERCISE

(Kcal/wk)

1250.4 ± 1497.2

593.6 ±

859.1

1989.6 ± 1349.2

2568.5 ± 1759.0

<.0001α

Frequency per week of moderate-vigorous physical activities, times

1.72 ± 1.61

0.90 ± 0.95

2.81 ± 1.36

3.61 ± 1.54

<.0001α

  1. aThe 3 latent classes included 107 participants (93% of the total number of participants). Comparison of the 3 latent classes used ANOVA for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Percentages represent column percent. P-values represent comparison of the 3 latent classes
  2. αβ Post-hoc comparison of each latent class used Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparisons (for continuous variables) and proportion test (for categorical variables): α = Both class 1 vs. 2 and class 1 vs. 3 are significantly different (each p < 0.05); β = Only class 1 vs. class 2 is significant (p < 0.05)
  3. SD Standard deviation, BMI Body Mass Index, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale questionnaire, SF-12 12-Item Short Form Health Survey, CHAMPS Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors