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Table 4 Effects of neighborhood variables and correlates on self-reported use of acute or emergency health care services, n = 424

From: How is neighborhood social disorganization associated with diabetes outcomes? A multilevel investigation of glycemic control and self-reported use of acute or emergency health care services

Variablea

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Regression Coefficient

p-value

Regression Coefficient

p-value

Regression Coefficient

p-value

Regression Coefficient

p-value

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

B (95% CI)

Intercept

−0.31 (− 0.53, − 0.10)

0.003

− 0.34 (− 0.53, − 0.14)

0.001

−0.33 (− 0.53, − 0.14)

0.001

−0.34 (− 0.54, − 0.14)

0.001

Sex

 Female

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 Male

−0.07 (−0.15, 0.15)

0.52

0.12 (−0.11, 0.35)

0.30

0.12 (−0.11, 0.35)

0.32

0.12 (−0.11, 0.35)

0.32

Age

−0.03*** (− 0.02, − 0.02)

< 0.001

−0.04*** (− 0.05, − 0.02)

< 0.001

−0.03*** (− 0.05, − 0.02)

< 0.001

−0.04*** (− 0.05, − 0.02)

< 0.001

Race

 White

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 Black

0.01 (−0.27, 0.26)

0.91

0.1 (−0.16, 0.37)

0.45

0.05 (−0.22, 0.32)

0.71

0.1 (−0.17, 0.36)

0.48

 Other

−0.21 (− 0.31, 0.44)

0.52

− 0.26 (− 0.94, 0.41)

0.44

−0.31 (− 1.00, 0.37)

0.37

−0.27 (− 0.95, 0.4)

0.43

Educational level

 Some HS

0.03 (−0.41, 0.53)

0.91

−0.13 (− 0.65, 0.39)

0.63

− 0.19 (− 0.71, 0.33)

0.47

−0.13 (− 0.65, 0.39)

0.63

 HS grad

0.33* (− 0.27, 0.59)

0.02

0.16 (−0.12, 0.44)

0.27

0.13 (−0.16, 0.41)

0.38

0.16 (−0.12, 0.44)

0.27

 Some college

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

REF

 

 College grad

−0.20 (−0.13, 0.12)

0.22

−0.24 (− 0.58, 0.09)

0.16

− 0.25 (− 0.59, 0.08)

0.14

−0.24 (− 0.58, 0.1)

0.16

 Grad

−0.04 (− 0.34, 0.34)

0.84

−0.15 (− 0.53, 0.23)

0.43

−0.12 (− 0.50, 0.26)

0.52

−0.15 (− 0.53, 0.23)

0.43

Years with diabetes

–

–

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02)

0.91

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02)

0.92

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.02)

0.91

Diabetes distress

–

–

0.00 (− 0.01, 0.01)

0.33

0.01 (0.00, 0.02)

0.26

0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)

0.34

Diabetes empowerment

–

–

0.06 (−0.18, 0.3)

0.60

0.07 (−0.17, 0.31)

0.58

0.06 (−0.18, 0.3)

0.61

A1c

–

–

−0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)

0.42

−0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)

0.38

−0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)

0.41

Self-care

–

–

−0.06 (− 0.15, 0.04)

0.23

−0.05 (− 0.15, 0.04)

0.25

−0.06 (− 0.15, 0.03)

0.21

Comorbidities

–

–

0.23*** (0.17, 0.3)

< 0.001

0.23*** (0.17, 0.29)

< 0.001

0.23*** (0.17, 0.3)

< 0.001

Neighborhood economic disadvantage

 Low

–

–

–

–

−0.34 (− 0.92, 0.25)

0.26

–

–

 Medium

–

–

–

–

REF

 

–

–

 High

–

–

–

–

0.60* (0.10, 1.09)

0.02

–

–

Neighborhood residential instability

 Low

–

–

–

–

0.01 (− 0.55, 0.57)

0.97

–

–

 Medium

–

–

–

–

REF

 

–

–

 High

–

–

–

–

− 0.39 (− 0.87, 0.09)

0.11

–

–

Neighborhood ethnic heterogeneity

 Low

–

–

–

–

−0.08 (− 0.55, 0.39)

0.74

–

–

 Medium

–

–

–

–

REF

 

–

–

 High

–

–

–

–

− 0.08 (− 0.51, 0.36)

0.73

–

–

NSD (composite measure)

 Low

–

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.04 (− 0.50, 0.42)

0.87

 Medium

–

–

–

–

–

–

REF

 

 High

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.08 (− 0.40, 0.56)

0.75

  1. Model 1 - Individual demographic variables. Model 2 - Individual demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables. Model 3 - Individual demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables and separate NSD measures. Model 4 - Individual demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables and composite NSD measure
  2. NSD refers to neighborhood social disorganization
  3. * p < 0.05
  4. ** p < 0.01
  5. *** p < 0.001
  6. aIn all models, variables were grand mean centered to increase interpretability
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Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology

ISSN: 2055-8260

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