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Table 2 Comparison of key glucometrics between June to August 2013 and June to August 2016

From: Evaluating the effectiveness of a multi-faceted inpatient diabetes management program among hospitalised patients with diabetes mellitus

 

June to August 2013

June to August 2016

Effect measuresa

(95% CI)

P-value

Patient-days

21,399

17,876

  

Admissions

3315

3130

  

HYPOGLYCEMIA METRICS

 Patient-day level

  Hypoglycemia, any glucose, n (%)

    <  4 mmol/L

997 (4.7)

588 (3.3)

0.71 (0.61 to 0.83)

<  0.001

    < 3 mmol/L

196 (0.9)

83 (0.5)

0.51 (0.38 to 0.7)

<  0.001

    < 2.5 mmol/Lb

55 (0.3)

22 (0.1)

0.52 (0.28 to 0.96)

0.035

 Admission level

  Hypoglycemia, any glucose, n (%)

    < 4 mmol/L

556 (16.8)

384 (12.3)

0.72 (0.62 to 0.83)

<  0.001

    < 3 mmol/L

141 (4.3)

71 (2.3)

0.54 (0.4 to 0.73)

<  0.001

    < 2.5 mmol/Lb

42 (1.3)

17 (0.5)

0.45 (0.26 to 0.78)

0.005

  Recurrence of hypoglycemia, number of days with any glucose < 4 mmol/L, n (%)

   Exactly 1 dayc

345 (10.4)

252 (8.1)

0.76 (0.64 to 0.9)

0.002

   2 or more daysc

211 (6.4)

132 (4.2)

0.65 (0.52 to 0.83)

<  0.001

HYPERGLYCEMIA AND OTHER METRICS

 Patient-day level

  Hyperglycemia, any glucose, n (%)

    > 14 mmol/L

5929 (27.7)

4678 (26.2)

0.84 (0.71 to 0.99)

0.041

    >  20 mmol/L

1255 (5.9)

843 (4.7)

0.81 (0.66 to 0.99)

0.039

  Mean glucose in desired range, n (%)

   Within 4–10 mmol/L

13,206 (61.7)

11,357 (63.5)

1.11 (0.93 to 1.33)

0.237

  Mean glucose, mean (SD)

9.7 (3.3)

9.6 (3.2)

0.98 (0.94 to 1.02)

0.342

  SD of glucose, mean (SD)

2.4 (1.7)

2.3 (1.6)

0.95 (0.92 to 0.98)

0.001

 Admission level

  Hyperglycemia, any glucose, n (%)

    > 14 mmol/L

1838 (55.4)

1616 (51.6)

0.87 (0.79 to 0.97)

0.01

    >  20 mmol/L

608 (18.3)

459 (14.7)

0.79 (0.69 to 0.92)

0.002

  Mean glucose in desired range, n (%)

   Within 4–10 mmol/L

1986 (59.9)

1957 (62.5)

1.14 (1.02 to 1.27)

0.022

  HGI, mean (SD)

0.49 (0.99)

0.42 (0.92)

0.68 (0.53 to 0.88)

0.004

  Mean glucose, mean (SD)

9.8 (2.7)

9.6 (2.6)

0.98 (0.96 to 0.99)

<  0.001

  SD of glucose, mean (SD)

2.9 (1.4)

2.7 (1.3)

0.95 (0.92 to 0.97)

<  0.001

  LOS (in days), mean (SD)d

7.5 (7.9)

7.2 (6.8)

1.01 (0.96 to 1.05)

0.793

  1. aThe associations between glucometrics and the time periods were fully adjusted with respect to age, gender, ethnicity groups, emergency admission, type of ward, and illness severity status. For mean glucose, SD (standard deviation) of glucose, HGI (Hyperglycemia Index) with threshold being 14 mmol/L, and LOS (length of stay), Poisson regression model with Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) was applied and mean ratios were reported with 95% CI within the brackets. For other metrics, logistic regression model with GEE was applied and odds ratios were reported with 95% CI within the brackets
  2. bBlood glucose < 2.5 mmol/L is considered biochemically severe hypoglycemia
  3. cFor recurrence of hypoglycemia, the comparison reference group is always admissions without any glucose < 4 mmol/L, i.e., zero days with any glucose < 4 mmol/L.
  4. dThe associations between length of stay and the time periods were fully adjusted with respect to age, gender, ethnicity groups, emergency admission, type of ward, illness severity status, and glucometrics
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Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology

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