Table 1 Baseline patient’s characteristics, overall and by class of anti-hyperglycemic agent
From: Hypoglycemic episodes in hospitalized people with diabetes in Portugal: the HIPOS-WARD study
Total (n = 176) | Class of anti-hyperglycemic agent therapy | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin-based therapy (n = 88) | Secretagogue-based therapy (n = 53) | Non-secretagogue-based therapy (n = 17) | Insulin + secretagogue therapy (n = 18) | |||
Gender (female), n(%) | 97 (55.1) | 42 (47.7) | 33 (62.3) | 11 (64.7) | 11 (61.1) | 0.269a |
Age, median (min;max), (years) | 75.0 (28;98) | 73.5 (28;92) | 78.0 (50;96) | 72.0 (45;98) | 78.5 (58;88) | 0.009b |
BMI, mean (SD), (kg/m2) | 26.0 (4.6) | 25.2 (4.7) | 27.4 (4.3) | 25.8 (4.7) | 25.5 (4.6) | 0.032b |
Patient institutionalized, n(%) | 33 (18.8) | 13 (14.8) | 11 (20.8) | 2 (11.8) | 7 (38.9) | 0.122c |
Patient lives alone, n(%) | 33 (23.1) | 19 (25.3) | 8 (19.0) | 4 (26.7) | 2 (18.2) | 0.880c |
Work status, n(%) | 0.015c | |||||
Full time | 15 (8.6) | 14 (16.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
Partial time | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Retired/disabled | 128 (73.1) | 55 (63.2) | 46 (86.8) | 11 (64.7) | 16 (88.9) | |
Other | 31 (17.8) | 18 (20.6) | 6 (11.3) | 5 (29.4) | 2 (11.1) | |
Functionally dependent, n(%) | 70 (61.4) | 33 (70.2%) | 24 (60.0) | 6 (60.0) | 7 (41.2) | 0.211a |
Type of diabetes, n(%) | < 0.001c | |||||
Type 1 | 18 (10.2) | 18 (20.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Type 2 | 152 (86.4) | 64 (72.7) | 53 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | 18 (100.0) | |
Other form of diabetes | 6 (3.4) | 6 (6.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Diabetes duration, median (min;max), (years) | 11.0 (0.0;52.0) | 17.0 (0.7;52.0) | 9.0 (0.0;47.0) | 1.0 (1.0;30.0) | 18.0 (1.0;45.0) | < 0.001b |
Diabetes management, n(%) | 0.383a | |||||
Solely managed by self | 75 (42.6) | 36 (40.9) | 23 (43.4) | 10 (58.8) | 6 (33.3) | |
Solely managed by other | 52 (29.5) | 22 (25.0) | 19 (35.8) | 4 (23.5) | 7 (38.9) | |
Occasional assistance | 49 (27.8) | 30 (34.1) | 11 (20.8) | 3 (17.6) | 5 (27.8) | |
Usual diabetes outpatient care, n(%)d | < 0.001c | |||||
Primary healthcare | 111 (63.1) | 40 (45.5) | 50 (94.3) | 10 (58.8) | 11 (61.1) | |
Hospital outpatient | 45 (25.6) | 35 (39.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (29.4) | 5 (27.8) | |
Private consultation | 7 (4.0) | 5 (5.7) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | |
Other | 11 (6.3) | 8 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.6) | |
Without follow-up | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Chronic diabetes complications, n(%)d | ||||||
Eye complications | 63 (50.0) | 43 (62.3) | 12 (40.0) | 3 (20.0) | 5 (41.7) | 0.011a |
Neuropathy | 29 (26.1) | 17 (27.9) | 6 (21.4) | 1 (9.1) | 5 (45.5) | 0.249c |
Nephropathy | 74 (47.4) | 37 (48.1) | 25 (53.2) | 5 (31.3) | 7 (43.8) | 0.493a |
Lower limb complications | 24 (15.9) | 16 (20.8) | 4 (8.9) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0.393c |
Known atherosclerotic disease | 66 (47.8) | 30 (44.8) | 19 (46.3) | 7 (46.7) | 10 (66.7) | 0.488a |
Coronary heart disease | 32 (57.1) | 17 (63.0) | 8 (53.3) | 3 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | 0.848c |
Cerebrovascular disease | 31 (55.4) | 15 (57.7) | 12 (70.6) | 3 (50.0) | 1 (14.3) | 0.092c |
Motor complications | 19 (33.3) | 11 (42.3) | 6 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0.462c |
Peripheral artery disease | 25 (61.0) | 10 (58.8) | 6 (54.5) | 3 (50.0) | 6 (85.7) | 0.535c |
Other atherosclerotic dis | 8 (21.1) | 4 (23.5) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0.612c |
Previous hypoglycemia in last 12 months, n(%) | 58 (47.5) | 39 (66.1) | 11 (28.9) | 4 (30.8) | 4 (33.3) | 0.001a |