Table 3 Characterization by type of diabetes
From: Hypoglycemic episodes in hospitalized people with diabetes in Portugal: the HIPOS-WARD study
Total (n = 176) | Type of diabetes | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 (n = 18) | Type 2 (n = 152) | |||
Hypoglycemia episode, n(%) | 176 (100.0) | 18 (10.2) | 152 (86.4) | |
Gender (female), n(%) | 97 (55.1) | 6 (33.3) | 88 (57.9) | 0.048a |
Age, median (min;max), (years) | 75.0 (28;98) | 49.5 (28.0;74.0) | 78.0 (35.0;98.0) | < 0.001b |
BMI, median (min;max), (kg/m2) | 26.0 (4.6) | 22.9 (18.4;31.6) | 26.3 (15.6;38.8) | 0.009d |
Diabetes duration, median (min;max), (years) | 11.0 (0.0;52.0) | 22.0 (4.0;52.0) | 10.0 (0.0;51.0) | 0.001b |
Diabetes management, n(%) | 0.013a | |||
Solely managed by self | 75 (42.6) | 13 (72.2) | 58 (38.2) | |
Solely managed by other | 52 (29.5) | 1 (5.6) | 50 (32.9) | |
Occasional assistance | 49 (27.8) | 4 (22.2) | 44 (28.9) | |
Usual diabetes outpatient care, n(%)f | 0.001c | |||
Primary health care | 111 (63.1) | 4 (22.2) | 104 (68.4) | |
Hospital outpatient | 45 (25.6) | 11 (61.1) | 31 (20.4) | |
Private consultation | 7 (4.0) | 1 (5.6) | 6 (3.9) | |
Other | 11 (6.3) | 2 (11.1) | 9 (5.9) | |
Without follow-up | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.3) | |
Chronic diabetes complications, n(%)f | ||||
Eye complications | 63 (50.0) | 13 (81.3) | 48 (46.2) | 0.014e |
Neuropathy | 29 (26.1) | 7 (50.0) | 19 (20.9) | 0.040e |
Nephropathy | 74 (47.4) | 6 (37.5) | 67 (49.6) | 0.359a |
Lower limb complications | 24 (15.9) | 2 (11.8) | 20 (15.6) | > 0.999e |
Known atherosclerotic disease | 66 (47.8) | 2 (14.3) | 62 (51.7) | 0.008a |
Coronary heart disease | 32 (57.1) | 2 (100.0) | 29 (55.8) | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 31 (55.4) | 1 (100.0) | 30 (56.6) | |
Motor complications | 19 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (35.8) | |
Peripheral artery disease | 25 (61.0) | 1 (100.0) | 24 (63.2) | |
Other atherosclerotic dis | 8 (21.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (20.0) | |
Previous hypoglycemia in last 12 months, n(%) | 58 (47.5) | 12 (85.7%) | 42 (40.4%) | 0.001a |
Repeated hypo during hospitalization, n(%) | 63 (36.0) | 7 (41.2%) | 51 (33.6%) | 0.530a |
Length of stay in ward, median (min;max)(h) | 146.6 (1.6;1782.3) | |||
Discharge destination, n(%) | 0.052c | |||
Home | 113 (64.2) | 13 (72.2) | 98 (64.5) | |
Ambulatory | 24 (13.6) | 5 (27.8) | 16 (10.5) | |
Institution | 30 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (19.1) | |
Other hospital | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
Death | 8 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (5.3) | |
Risk factors for hypoglycemia, n(%)f | ||||
> 75 years | 87 (49.4) | 0 (0.0) | 86 (56.6) | < 0.001a |
Dementia | 28 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (19.0) | 0.081e |
Major sensorial impairment | ||||
Blindness | 13 (7.4) | 4 (23.5) | 8 (5.3) | 0.021e |
Deafness | 6 (3.4) | 1 (5.9) | 5 (3.3) | 0.476e |
Hypothyroidism | 14 (10.1) | 3 (18.8) | 11 (9.4) | 0.376e |
Adrenal failure | 3 (2.2) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (1.7) | 0.288e |
Severe renal failure | 19 (38.0) | 2 (40.0) | 17 (38.6) | NA |
Hepatic failure | 7 (4.1) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.7) | > 0.999e |
Cachexia/significant malnourishment | 19 (10.9) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (7.9) | 0.181e |
Brittle diabetes | 21 (14.9) | 6 (46.2) | 13 (10.5) | 0.003e |
Weaning of corticosteroid drugs | 10 (5.8) | 1 (5.9) | 9 (6.0) | > 0.999e |
Previous hypo in the last 12 months | 58 (47.5) | 12 (85.7) | 42 (40.4) | 0.001a |
Lifestyle factors | ||||
Irregular meals | 52 (37.1) | 8 (50.0) | 41 (34.7) | 0.235a |
Shift work | 4 (2.4) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (0.7) | 0.003e |
Other | 7 (4.0) | 1 (5.9) | 5 (3.3) | 0.478e |
Polypharmacy | 147 (85.0) | 7 (41.2) | 135 (90.0) | < 0.001e |
High risk for complications after the event | ||||
Coronary heart disease | 32 (25.0) | 2 (14.3) | 29 (26.4) | 0.514e |
Cerebrovascular disease | 31 (24.2) | 1 (7.7) | 30 (27.0) | 0.182e |
Heart failure | 48 (28.9) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (33.6) | 0.004a |
Peripheral artery disease | 25 (22.1) | 1 (7.7) | 24 (25.0) | 0.291e |
Osteoporosis | 8 (7.6) | 1 (6.7) | 7 (8.1) | > 0.999e |
Living alone | 33 (18.8) | 9 (50.0) | 22 (14.5) | 0.001e |