Table 1 Clinical Trials of Fasting Regimens in Patients with and without Diabetes
Intermittent Fasting Protocol | Description | Effects of Intermittent Fasting vs. Baseline | |
|---|---|---|---|
Alternate Day Fasting | One day of fasting/One day of ad libitum feeding | Trepanowski et al [11]. (6 months) | Average Baseline Values Weight: 96 kg Fasting Glucose: 90 mg/dL Fasting Insulin: 18 uIU/mL HOMA-IR: 4.1 Results - Decreased body weight by 6.8% - Decreased fasting glucose by 6.3% - Decreased fasting insulin by 7.5% - Decreased HOMA-IR by 2.49% |
|  |  | Catenacci et al. [12] (8 weeks) | Average Baseline Values Weight: 94.7 kg Fasting glucose: 88.4 mg/dL Leptin: 29.8 ng/mL Results - Decreased body weight by 8.2 kg - Decreased glucose by 6.0 mg/dL - Decreased leptin by 13.9 ng |
|  |  | Bhutani et al. [13] (12 weeks) | Average Baseline Values Body weight: 94 kg Fasting Glucose: 98 mg/dL Fasting insulin: 21.8 uIU/mL Results - Decreased body weight by 3 kg - Decreased fasting glucose by 3% - Decreased fasting insulin by 7% |
|  |  | Bhutani et al. [14] (8 weeks) | Average Baseline Values: Body weight: 96.4 kg Leptin and Adiponectin (see study) Results: - Decreased body weight by 5.7 kg - Decreased leptin by 21% - Increased adiponectin by 30% |
|  |  | Varady et al. [15] (12 weeks) | Average Baseline Values: Body weight: 77 kg Adiponectin: 10728 ng/mL Leptin: 25 ng/mL Results - Decreased body weight by 5.2 kg - Increased adiponectin by 0.7μg/ml - Decreased leptin by 10 ng/ml |
|  |  | Gabel et al. [16] (12 months) | Average Baseline Values Body weight: 95 kg Fasting Glucose: 99 mg/dL Fasting Insulin: 23 uIU/mL Results: - Decreased body weight by 8% - Decreased fasting insulin by 52% - Decreased Fasting glucose by 3% |
|  |  | Hoddy et al. [17] (10 weeks) | Average Baseline Values Body Weight: 94 kg/97 kg (timing of fasting day single low calorie meal: Lunch/Dinner) BMI: 35/34 kg/m2 Fasting Glucose: 96/100 mg/dL Fasting insulin: 12/11 uIU/mL HOMA-IR: 3.0/3.0 Results - Body weight decreased by 3.5/4.1 kg - BMI reduced by 1.3/1.4 kg/m2 - Fasting Glucose, Insulin, and HOMA-IR did not undergo statistically significant changes |
5/2 method | Complete fasting on 2 non-consecutive days/5 days of ad libitum feeding | Carter et al .[18] (12 weeks) | Average Baseline Values: HbA1C: 7.2% Body Weight: 99 kg Results: - Decreased HbA1C by 0.7% - Decreased body weight by 8 kg |
|  |  | Carter et al. [19] (12 months) | Average Baseline Values: HbA1C: 7.2% Body Weight: 100 kg Results - Decreased body weight by 6.8 kg - Decreased HbA1C by 0.3% |
|  |  | Sundfor et al. [20] (6 months) | Average Baseline Values: Body Weight: 108.6 kg HbA1C: 5.6% Results: - Decreased body weight by 9.1 kg - Decreased HbA1C by 0.3% |
|  |  | Corley et al. [21] (12 weeks) | Average Baseline Values (Consecutive/Non-consecutive 2 day fast) Weight: 108.7/109.8 kg BMI: 36.6/36.8 kg/m2 HbA1C: 8.4/8.2% Results (Consecutive/Non-consecutive 2 day fast) - Decreased weight by 3.1/3.6 kg - Decreased BMI by 0.5/0.8 kg/m2 - Decreased HbA1C by 0.6/0.7% |
Time Restricted Feeding | Daily 12–20 h fast/4–12 h feeding window | Moro et al. [22] (8 weeks) | Average Baseline Values: Fat mass: 10.90 kg Fasting glucose: 96.64 mg/dL Fasting insulin: 2.78 mU/mL Adiponectin: 11.8 μg/mL Leptin: 2.1 ng/mL Results: - Decreased fat mass by 1.62 kg - Decreased fasting glucose by 10.72 mg/dL - Decreased fasting insulin by 1.01 mU/mL - Increased adiponectin by 2.1 μg/mL - Decreased leptin by 0.3 ng/mL |
|  |  | Sutton et al. [23] (5 weeks) | Average Baseline Values: Insulin: 25.1 mU/L Insulinogenic Index: 113 U/mg Glucose: 100 mg/dL Results - Decreased fasting insulin by 0.4 mU/L - Increased insulinogenic index (marker of Beta cell responsiveness) by 14 U/mg - No significant change in fasting glucose |
|  |  | Hutchison et al. [24] (1 week) | Average Baseline Values: Weight: 105.7 kg BMI: 33.9 kg/m2 Fasting Glucose: 5.8 mmol/L Results: - Decreased glycemic response to test meal by 36% - No significant weight reduction |
|  |  | Cienfuegos et al. [25] (8 weeks) (4 h feeding window) | Average Baseline Values: Body Weight: 101 kg Fasting Glucose: 88 mg/dL Fasting insulin: 12 uIU/mL HOMA-IR: 2.7 HbA1C: 5.9% Results: - Body weight decreased by 3.2% - Fasting glucose decreased by 5.0 mg/dL - Fasting insulin decreased by 2.3 uIU/mL - HOMA-IR decreased by 29% - HbA1C decreased by 0.2% |
|  |  | Cienfuegos et al. [25] (8 weeks) (6 h feeding window) | Average Baseline Values: Body Weight: 99 kg Fasting Glucose: 94 mg/dL Fasting insulin: 16 uIU/mL HOMA-IR: 3.7 HbA1C: 5.9% Results: - Body weight decreased by 3.2% - Fasting glucose decreased by 2.3 mg/dL - Fasting insulin decreased by 1.9 uIU/mL - HOMA-IR decreased by 12% - HbA1C decreased by 0.2% |