Table 1 The main characteristics of case–control studies on the effect of H. pylori infection on the risk of obesity and vice versa
Authors | Control subjects (selection methods) | Study population | Age | Sample size | Obesity (mean BMI) | Measurement of association, odds ratio (CI 95%) | Controlled variables | Bacteria detection | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ali M. Al-zubaidi, et al. (2018) (Saudi Arabia) [21] | Non-obese (BMI < 30) who underwent endoscopy | Obese and non-obese | Case: 31.51 ± 8.27 Control: 30.90 ± 7.93 | 680 Case: 340 Control:340 | BMI ≥ 30 | 1.98 (1.45–2.70) | Age-sex | Histology or biopsy | 7 |
Nahum Méndez-sánchez, et al. (2008) (Mexico) [24] | Non H. pylori | Chronic gastritis and H. pylori (mild, moderate, severe) and chronic gastritis without H. pylori | Case: 48.16 ± 16. 44 Control: 42.88 ± 17.04 | 283 Case: 189 Control:94 | BMI ≥ 30 | The density of H. pylori: Presence of infection: 0.88 (0.45 – 1.72) mild:1.04 (0.51–2.09) Moderate: 0.62 (0.21–1.83) Severe: 0.37 (0.46–3.07) Moderate–severe 0.56 (0.21–1.53) | - | Histology or biopsy | 6 |
Ming-shiang Wu, et al. (2005) (Taiwan) [8] | normal weight (BMI < 25) | Obese patients of BMI ≥ 35 with serious comorbidity or a BMI ≥ 40 and control BMI < 25 | Case: 31.9 ± 9.2 Control: 32.3 ± 9.5 | 1097 Case: 414 Control:683 | BMI ≥ 35 BMI ≥ 40 | 0.50 (0.39 – 0.65) | Geographical area, socioeconomic status | Histology | 7 |
Erol Arslan, et al. (2009) (Turkey) [9] | Normal weight (BMI < 25) | Obese and Non-obese | Case: 24.3 ± 5.4 Control: 25.5 ± 5.4 | 214 Case: 103 Control:111 | Mean BMI Case: 34.6 ± 3.7 Control:24.2 ± 2.8 | 2.11 (1.49 – 3.00) | Geographical area, socioeconomic status | One step H. pylori test device | 7 |
Chengfu Xu, et al. (2004) (China) [26] | Non-H.pylori | Adults with H.pylori who underwent health checkups | Case: 46.0(40.0.53.0) Control: 46.0(39.0–54.0) | 8820 Case: 3859 Control: 4961 | Mean BMI Case: 24.01 (21.77–26.23) Control: 23.63(21.52 – 2581) | 1.018 (1.011–1.025) | Age – sex- BMI—waist circumference—systolic blood pressure—diastolic blood pressure—alanine aminotransferase - | 13C-urea breath tests | 6 |
Basit Siddiqui, et al. (2018) (Pakistan) [25] | Normal weight(BMI:18.5 – 23) | Adults who attended the gastroenterology clinic for dyspeptic symptoms that included abdominal discomfort or pain, bloating, and nausea, and underwent gastroscopy | Mean age: 44 ± 16 Case: 46.0(40.0.53.0) Control: 46.0(39.0–54.0) | 698 Case: 399 Control: 299 | BMI > 28 | 2.91 (2.01- 4.20) | - | Biopsy, Histological examination, 13C-urea breath test, H. pylori stool antigen test | 7 |
G. N. Ioannou, et al. (2004) (USA) [23] | H. pylori and Cag A Antibodies(-/-) | H. pylori and Cag A Antibodies(-/-), ( ±) and (+ / +) | 20 ≥ | Case: H. pylori and Cag A ( ±): 1445 (+ / +): 2149 Control: (-/-): 3130 | BMI > 30 | H. pylori/ Cag A Antibody status (+ / +): 1.2 (0.9–1.6) H. pylori/ Cag A Antibody status ( ±): 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | Ethnicity, age, gender, poverty index, educational Attainment, household crowding index, alcohol consumption, coffee Consumption, country of birth, occupation, geographical region and Metropolitan region, | Elisa | 7 |
Ilseung Cho, et al. (2005) (USA) [22] | Negative H. pylori (H. pylori_) | No pregnant participants in the third national health and nutrition examination survey | Mean age: 45.2 | H. pylori and Cag A: ( ±) 1,385 (+ / +): 2,634 (H. pylori_): 2,984 | BMI > 25 | H. pylori/ Cag A Antibody status (+ / +): 1.17 (0.98–1.39) H. pylori/ Cag A Antibody status ( ±): 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, activity level, and years of education | Elisa | 7 |