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Table 1 Type 2 Diabetes Baseline Cluster Characteristics

From: Type 2 diabetes reversal with digital twin technology-enabled precision nutrition and staging of reversal: a retrospective cohort study

  

1-MOD (N = 64)

2-MARD (N = 160)

3-SIRD (N = 83)

4-SIDD (N = 156)

Total (N = 463)

Age at Onset (y)

Mean (SD)

41.3 (8.5)

44.6 (7.9)

36.0 (7.0)

35.2 (6.8)

39.4 (8.6)

Duration of Diabetes (y)

Mean (SD)

7.1 (6.5)

9.0 (7.4)

7.2 (6.0)

11.1 (8.3)

9.1 (7.5)

HbA1c (%)

Mean (SD)

8.1 (1.7)

7.8 (1.2)

9.0 (1.5)

10.5 (1.7)

8.9 (1.9)

HOMA2-B

Mean (SD)

110.0 (52.4)

61.3 (29.3)

52.8 (28.9)

27.0 (15.1)

54.9 (39.9)

HOMA2-IR

Mean (SD)

3.9 (1.9)

1.5 (0.7)

2.2 (1.1)

1.7 (1.1)

2.0 (1.4)

BMI (kg/m2)

Mean (SD)

33.4 (6.0)

27.4 (3.8)

27.2 (4.3)

26.6 (4.0)

27.9 (4.9)

Weight (kg)

Mean (SD)

88.6 (14.8)

74.8 (12.3)

79.2 (14.4)

74.9 (11.8)

77.5 (13.7)

ALT (u/L)a

Mean (SD)

30.6 (13.8)

27.1 (10.4)

65.7 (19.0)

26.9 (9.8)

34.4 (19.4)

  1. a Ns for ALT: 63 (MOD), 160 (MARD), 82 (SIRD), and 152 (SIDD). N: number of patients, SD Standard deviation, MOD Mild obesity-related diabetes, MARD Mild age-related diabetes, SIRD Severe insulin-resistant diabetes, SIDD Severe insulin-deficient diabetes, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HOMA2-B and HOMA2-IR Homoeostatic model assessment 2 estimates of β-cell function and insulin resistance, BMI Body mass index, ALT Alanine aminotransferase