Table 1 Characteristics of index and subsequent GDM pregnancies. Data expressed as mean (SD), median (IQR) or n (%)
GDM pregnancy-pairs (n = 424) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Index | Subsequent | p value | |
Age (years) | 30.6 (4.9) | 33.5 (4.9) | < 0.001 |
Booking-in weight (kg) | 67 (58.0,82.0) | 70 (59.0,87.0) | < 0.001 |
Booking-in BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (22.6, 31.6) | 27.1 (23.4,32.5) | < 0.001 |
Week of booking | 12 (6.0) | 13 (5.7) | 0.42 |
Ethnicity (n,%) | |||
-Europid | 178 (42.0) | ||
-East Asia | 89 (21.0) | ||
-South Asia | 68 (16.0) | ||
-Middle East | 57 (13.4) | ||
-Other | 32 (7.6) | ||
Parity (n,%) | |||
0 | 238 (56.1) | - | < 0.001 |
1 | 104 (24.5) | 223 (52.7) | |
2 | 45 (10.6) | 110 (26.0) | |
> 2 | 37 (8.7) | 90 (21.3) | |
Week of GDM diagnosis | 27 (25,29) | 24 (16,27) | < 0.001 |
Early vs late GDM (n,%) | |||
-Early | 41 (9.7) | 180 (42.5) | < 0.001 |
-Late | 383 (90.3) | 244 (57.5) | |
GTT- fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.9 (0.9) | 5.0 (1.0) | 0.22 |
GTT- 2 h glucose (mmol/L) | 9.0 (1.4) | 8.9 (1.7) | 0.51 |
Medication required (%) | |||
-Yes | 229 (54.0) | 270 (63.7) | < 0.001 |
-No | 195 (46.0) | 154 (36.3) | |
Week medication started | 30 (28,33) | 27 (21,30) | < 0.001 |
Mode of delivery (%) | |||
-Vaginal birth | 281 (66.3) | 264 (62.3) | 0.01 |
-Caesarean section | 143 (33.7) | 160 (37.7) | |
Induction of labour (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 200 (47.2) | 143 (33.7) | < 0.001 |
-No | 224 (52.8) | 281 (66.3) | |
Instrumental delivery (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 59 (13.9) | 21 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
-No | 365 (86.1) | 403 (95.0) | |
Emergency Caesarean (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 69 (16.3) | 30 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
-No | 355 (83.7) | 394 (92.9) | |
Elective Caesarean (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 72 (17.0) | 129 (30.4) | < 0.001 |
-No | 352 (83.0) | 295 (69.6) | |
Gestation at delivery (weeks) | 38.7 (1.6) | 38.5 (1.4) | 0.02 |
Delivery < 37 wks | |||
-Yes | 30 (7.1) | 40 (9.4) | 0.20 |
-No | 394 (92.9) | 384 (90.6) | |
Birth weight (g) | 3315 (554) | 3392 (587) | 0.005 |
Birth weight centile (%) | 50 (27.77) | 54 (28,80) | 0.23 |
SGA (%) | |||
-Yes | 33 (7.8) | 37 (8.7) | 0.67 |
-No | 391 (92.2) | 387 (91.3) | |
LGA (%) | |||
-Yes | 71 (16.7) | 67 (15.8) | 0.73 |
-No | 353 (83.3) | 357 (84.2) | |
Birth length (cm) | 50.1 (3.0) | 50.3 (2.6) | 0.12 |
Fetal/neonatal death (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 0.63 |
-No | 421 (99.3) | 423 (99.8) | |
Dystocia (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 17 (4.0) | 8 (1.9) | 0.09 |
-No | 407 (96.0) | 416 (98.1) | |
Neonatal hypoglycemia (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 57 (13.4) | 69 (16.3) | 0.25 |
-No | 367 (86.6) | 355 (83.7) | |
Composite neonatal outcome (death/dystocia/LGA/ SGA) (n, %) | |||
-Yes | 114 (26.9) | 108 (25.5) | 0.66 |
-No | 310 (73.1) | 316 (74.5) | |