Table 2 Risk factors for complications associated with hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

Risk factors [27, 28, 30]

• Long-standing GH

• Gestational hypertension

• Twin pregnancies

• Anemia

• Frequent infections (i.e., UTIs)

• Late presentation to obstetric clinic

• Inconsistent use of medications

• Abnormal outcomes in prior pregnancies

Possible complications

• Maternal [28]

○ Miscarriages

○ Gestational hypertension

○ Preeclampsia

○ Congestive heart failure

○ Thyroid storm

• Obstetrical

○ Premature delivery [82]

○ Placental abruption

○ Premature rupture of membrane

○ Gestational Hypertension

• Fetal

○ Congenital malformations [83]

○ Hyperthyroidism

○ Developmental dysplasia of the hip associated with first-trimester maternal hyperthyroidism [84]

○ Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

○ Small for gestational age (SGA) infants

○ Prematurity

○ Stillbirth

• Neonatal

○ Prematurity

○ Hyperthyroidism [32]

○ Neonatal central hypothyroidism [71]

○ Low birth weight [30]