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Table 1 Clinical, biochemical, psychological and behavioural parameters stratified by hospitalization and baseline DASS-21 score

From: Determinants of hospitalization in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes receiving a peer support intervention and JADE integrated care: the PEARL randomised controlled trial

 

Hospital admission

 

Baseline DASS-21 score

 

No (n = 484)

Yes (n = 144)

P value

< 17 (n = 503)

≥17 (n = 124)

P value

Age, years

54·1 ± 9·4

56·7 ± 8·6

0·003

54·9 ± 9·1

54·0 ± 9·7

0·358

Male, n(%)

274 (56·6)

81 (56·3)

0·939

295 (58·6)

59 (47·6)

0·026

Diabetes duration, years

9·1 ± 7·7

10·3 ± 7·8

0·122

9·4 ± 7·7

9·5 ± 8·0

0·845

Education

  < 6 years

165 (34·1)

63 (43·8)

0·079

171 (34·0)

57 (46·0)

0·005

 6–11 years

247 (51·0)

62 (43·1)

 

252 (50·1)

56 (45·2)

 

  > 11 years

72 (14·9)

19 (13·2)

 

80 (15·9)

11 (8·9)

 

Complications

 Chronic kidney disease

25 (5·2)

21 (14·8)

< 0·001

34 (6·8)

12 (9·8)

0·251

 Diabetic retinopathy

166 (34·3)

56 (38·9)

0·312

169 (33·6)

53 (42·7)

0·057

 All heart events

41 (8·5)

26 (18·3)

0·001

52 (10·4)

15 (12·1)

0·586

JADE Risk categories

 Very high risk

73 (15·1)

36 (25·0)

0·003

86 (17·1)

23 (18·5)

0·474

 High risk

385 (79·5)

104 (72·2)

 

391 (77·7)

97 (78·2)

 

 Medium risk

24 (5·0)

4 (2·8)

 

24 (4·8)

4 (3·2)

 

 Low risk

2 (0·4)

0 (0·0)

 

2 (0·4)

0 (0·0)

 

Treatments

Insulin

165 (34·1)

54 (37·5)

0·451

174 (34·6)

45 (36·3)

0·722

 Oral anti-diabetic drugs

407 (84·1)

127 (88·2)

0·226

423 (84·1)

110 (88·7)

0·197

 On BP drugs

305 (63·0)

104 (72·2)

0·042

327 (65·0)

81 (65·3)

0·948

 On lipid lowering drugs

194 (40·1)

84 (58·3)

< 0·001

218 (43·3)

59 (47·6)

0·394

Risk factors control

 Body mass index, kg/m2

26·8 ± 4·3

27·1 ± 5·0

0·563

26·6 ± 4·3

27·8 ± 4·8

0·009

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

135·6 ± 18·2

136·4 ± 20·9

0·633

136·2 ± 18·4

134·2 ± 20·7

0·307

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

80·2 ± 10·5

79·0 ± 11·2

0·227

80·3 ± 10·5

78·6 ± 11·5

0·115

 Hemoglobin A1c, % (mmol/mol)

8.2 ± 1.6 (66.0 ± 17.9)

8.2 ± 1.6 (65.7 ± 17.7)

0.867

8.2 ± 1.6 (65.6 ± 17.7)

8.3 ± 1.7 (67.2 ± 18.7)

0.394

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4·91 ± 1·07

4·71 ± 1·06

0·044

4·83 ± 1·07

4·99 ± 1·08

0·160

 Triglyceride, mmol/L

1·40 (1·00–2·00)

1·49 (1·00–1·97)

0·704

1·40 (1·00–1·97)

1·52 (1·00–2·30)

0·076

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1·20 ± 0·36

1·23 ± 0·36

0·433

1·21 ± 0·35

1·17 ± 0·37

0·265

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2·92 ± 0·78

2·77 ± 0·91

0·046

2·86 ± 0·79

2·99 ± 0·91

0·131

 Estimated GFR, ml/min/1·73m2

111·9 ± 33·1

102·6 ± 36·8

0·005

110·2 ± 33·7

107·7 ± 36·1

0·471

 Microalbuminuria

127 (26·6)

39 (27·5)

0·843

134 (27·0)

31 (25·6)

0·765

Psychological assessment

 PHQ-9 score

4·1 ± 4·1

4·7 ± 4·2

0·131

3·1 ± 3·1

8·6 ± 4·9

< 0·001

 CDDS-15 score

36·8 ± 13·5

37·0 ± 12·2

0·849

34·8 ± 12·8

45·1 ± 11·6

< 0·001

 DASS-21 score

Total

9·3 ± 10·0

14·0 ± 14·0

< 0·001

5·9 ± 4·7

28·7 ± 11·3

< 0·001

DASS-depression

2.75 ± 3.80

4.23 ± 5.02

0.001

1.53 ± 1.85

9.48 ± 4.78

< 0·001

DASS-anxiety

2.71 ± 3.12

4.20 ± 4.63

< 0·001

1.76 ± 1.65

8.33 ± 4.39

< 0·001

DASS-stress

3.79 ± 3.97

5.24 ± 5.02

0.002

2.55 ± 2.47

10.59 ± 4.01

< 0·001

Medication adherence

 High

200 (43·8)

65 (47·8)

0·248

225 (47·3)

40 (34·5)

0·021

 Intermediate

228 (49·9)

66 (48·5)

 

225 (47·3)

68 (58·6)

 

 Low

29 (6·3)

5 (3·7)

 

26 (5·5)

8 (6·9)

 
  1. Definitions of risk categories
  2. 1. Very High-Risk group with clinically evident cardiovascular-renal complications
  3. 2. High-Risk group with ≥3 stratification parameters and/or values above the high specificity cut off for any one of the risk scores and/or eGFR< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2
  4. 3. Medium Risk group with two stratification parameters and values above the high sensitivity cut off but lower than the high specificity cut off for any of the risk scores and eGFR between 60-90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and
  5. 4. Low-Risk group with one or fewer stratification parameter and values below the high sensitivity cut off for all risk scores and eGFR≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2
  6. Definitions of complications and risk parameters:
  7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD): estimated glomerular filtration rate 15–60 ml/min per 1.73 m2
  8. Cardiovascular complication: coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary bypass operation), stroke, peripheral vascular disease (lower extremity amputation, absent foot pulses with ankle:brachial ratio < 0.9 and/or lower limb revascularization)
  9. Renal complications: End stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis and/or eGFR< 15 ml/min/1.73m2
  10. Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR): ≥2.5 mg/mmol (men) and 3.5 mg/mmol (women)
  11. Macroalbuminuria: urinary ACR > 25 mg/mmol
  12. Retinopathy (typical retinal changes including vitrectomy, haemorrhages, and exudates)
  13. Medication adherence: measured by 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale where 4 is regarded as high adherence, score 2–3 as intermediate adherence, and 0–1 as low adherence
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Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology

ISSN: 2055-8260

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