Table 1 The characteristic of included cohort studies
Authors (Year) | Study design | Year(s) of study | Study population | Age ± SD (years) | Sample size | Bilirubin type | Type of measure DM/MS | Effect size (95% CI) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S.-E. Lee et al., 2016 | Retrospective longitudinal cohort | 2006–2012 | Korean adults | 51.2 ± 8.3 | 22,084 | PCB | DM a participant’s self-reported diagnosis on the questionnaire FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. | HR for 1-SD increment: 1.26 (1.20–1.33) HRs by quartile: Q1 = (≤ − 28.6 (%)) = 1 Q2 = (− 28.5 – − 12.5 (%)) = 1.23 (1.00–1.51) Q3 = (− 12.4–11.1 (%)) = 1.69 (1.39–2.05) Q4 = (>  11.1(%)) = 2.13 (1.77–2.56) | T2DM |
Xiao-Hong Li et al., 2017 | Cohort | 2011–2016 | Healthy Chinese men | 45.6 ± 12.7 | 1339 | TBIL,DBIL,IBIL | AHA criteria | Model ORs TBIL Q1 (≤11.75 μmol/L) = 1 Q2 (11.76–14.30 μmol/L) = 1.32 (0.79–2.21) Q3 (14.31–18.12 μmol/L) = 0.87 (0.50–1.52) Q4 (> 18.12 μmol/L) = 0.61 (0.34–1.12) DBIL Q1 (≤2.09 μmol/L) = 1 Q2 (2.10_2.60 μmol/L) = 1.00 (0.61–1.63) Q3 (2.61_3.22 μmol/L) = 0.57 (0.32–1.02) Q4 (> 3.22 μmol/L) = 0.51 (0.28–0.92) IBIL Q1 (≤9.58 μmol/L) = 1 Q2 (9.59–11.76 μmol/L) = 1.16 (0.69–1.96) Q3 (11.77–14.90 μmol/L) = 0.92 (0.53–1.58) Q4 (> 14.90 μmol/L) = 0.58 (0.32–1.06) | MetS |
Chaoqun Liu et al., 2016 | Prospective Cohort | 2013–2016 | Chinese Han. Women receiving their first prenatal care prior to 16 weeks of gestation | 28.31 ± 3.04 | 1135 | TBIL,DBIL,IBIL | WHO criteria | Model RRs: TBIL T1 (1.7–4.8 μmol/L) = 1(reference) T2 (4.9–6.3 μmol/L) = 0.99 (0.82, 1.22) T3 (6.4–23 μmol/L) = 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) DBIL T1 (0.9–2.2 μmol/L) = 1 (reference) T2 (2.3–2.8 μmol/L) = 0.91 (0.75, 1.00) T3 (2.9–9.8 μmol/L) = 0.60 (0.35, 0.89) IBIL T1(0.1–2.6 μmol/L) = 1 (reference) T2(2.7–3.6 μmol/L) = 1.1 (0.76, 1.3) T3(3.7–13.9 μmol/L) = 0.86 (0.74, 1.0) | GDM |
Sen Wang et al., 2017 | Cohort | 2011–2016 | Healthy Chinese men and women | 48.65 ± 11.05 | 32,768 | TBIL | AHA criteria | ORs for Males Q1(≤ 9.90 μmol/L) = (reference) Q2(9.90–12.90 μmol/L) = 0.829 (0.758–0.908) Q3(12.90–16.80 μmol/L) = 0.814 (0.743–0.891) Q4(>  16.80 μmol/L) = 0.673 (0.613–0.739) ORs for Females Q1(≤ 8.00 μmol/L) = (reference) Q2(8.00–10.30 μmol/L) = 0.874 (0.762–1.001) Q3(10.30–13.40 μmol/L) = 0.761 (0.661–0.875) Q4(>  13.40 μmol/L) = 0.753 (0.653–0.867) | Mets |
Y.J. Kwon et al., 2017 | Prospective cohort | 2001–2014 | Korean adults 40 to 69 years of age | T2DM group: 54.3 ± 8.5 non-T2DM group: 51.6 ± 8.8 | 8650 | TBIL | WHO criteria | ORs in men Q1 (< 0.47 mg/dL) = 1 (reference) Q1(< 8.03) Q2 (0.47–0.61 mg/dL) = 0.75 (0.55–1.03) Q2(8.03–10.43) μmol/L Q3 (0.61–0.82 mg/dL) = 0.73 (0.53–1.01) Q3(10.43–14.02) μmol/L Q4 (0.82–2.00 mg/dL) = 0.52 (0.36–0.74) Q4(14.02–34.2) μmol/L ORs in women Q1(<  0.36 mg/dL) = 1 (reference) Q1 < 6.15 μmol/L Q2 (0.36–0.46 mg/dL) = 0.73 (0.54–0.98) Q2(6.15–7.91) μmol/L Q3(0.46–0.62 mg/dL) = 0.54 (0.39–0.74) Q3(7.91–10.60) μmol/L Q4(0.62–2.00 mg/dL) = 0.65 (0.47–0.89) Q4(10.60–34.2) μmol/L | T2DM |
Hao et al., 2020 | Cohort | 2009–2017 | Kazakh permanent residents | 40.33 ± 11.86 | 565 | TBIL,DBIL,IBIL | JIS criteria | TBIL HR 0.35 (0.21–0.60) 0.36 (0.21–0.62) 0.38 (0.22–0.64) IBIL HR 0.31 (0.18–0.54) 0.39 (0.23–0.66) 0.31 (0.18–0.54) | Mets |
Min Yang et al.,2019 | Prospective cohort | 2012–2014 | all patients > 18 years of age and diagnosed for the first time with impaired glucose regular (IFG or IGT) | Q1: 60.4 ± 5.0 Q2: 61.6 ± 5.3 Q3: 62.7 ± 5.4 Q4: 64.0 ± 5.7 | 523 | TBIL | WHO criteria | ORs Q1: Ref (< 8.2 μmol/L) =1 Q2: (8.3–11.1 μmol/L) = 0.83 (0.74–0.96) Q3(11.2–14.5 μmol/L) = 0.78 (0.68–0.90) Q4:> 14.6 μmol/L = 0.74 (0.64–0.87) | T2DM |
Makoto Shiraishi et al., 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 2013–2018 | middle-aged Japanese without Mets | 44.8 | 8992 | TBIL | JIS, AHA, WHO, IAS | HRs All: 0.70 (0.59–0.85) Men: 0.82 (0.66–1.01) Women: 0.60 (0.43–0.84) | Mets |
Fan Zhang et al., 2020 | Cohort | 2014–2018 | consecutive obese patients | 29.85 ± 9.75 years | 71 | TBIL,DBIL,IBIL | hyperinsulinemia-euglycemic clamp technique (HEC) with glucose disposal rate (GDR, M value) | OR TBIL: 0.744 (0.590–0.938) DBIL: 0.575 (0.326–1.015) IBIL: 0.602 (0.413–0.878) | Insulin Sensitivity |
Abbasi et al., 2015 | Cohort | 2015 | Dutch population participate in the (PREVEND) study | 49.4 ± 12.4 | 3381 | TBIL | FPG level was ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), the random sample plasma glucose concentration was ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), they reported a physician diagnosis of T2DM, or they received insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents based on a central pharmacy registration. | OR TBIL:0.58 [0.39–0.84]; P = 0.005) | T2DM |