Table 1 Increased risk of malignancy in thyroid nodule on history and physical exam [1, 3, 13]
- History of childhood head/neck irradiation [113] | |
- Total body irradiation for bone marrow transplantation [114] | |
- Exposure to ionizing radiation from fallout in childhood or adolescence [115, 116] | |
- Family history of PTC, MTC, or thyroid cancer syndrome (e.g., Cowden’s syndrome, familial polyposis, Carney complex, multiple endocrine neoplasia [MEN] 2, Werner syndrome) [117] | |
- Enlarging nodule/rapid nodule growth | |
- Cervical lymphadenopathy | |
- Fixed nodule to surrounding tissue | |
- Vocal cord paralysis/hoarseness |